Differences Between Jealousy Of Men Than For Women

Differences Between Jealousy Of Men Than For Women Research is growing to find if there is a difference among men and women when perceiving jealousy. Specifically emotional reactions to a romantic partners infidelity, with men being more upset by a partners sexual infidelity and women being more upset by a partners emotional infidelity (Bailey, Gaulin, Agyei, and Gladue, 1994; Buss, Larsen, Weston, and Semmekoth, 1992; Buunk, Angleitner, Oubaid, and Buss, 1996). However, there is an ongoing discussion as how best to interpret these gender differences, with theorists falling largely into one of the groups: 1) those that view jealousy as an evolved sexual adaptive solution of paternal uncertainty and 2) those who view jealousy as a general social cognition emotion. The main difference in the groups is that those in the first groups focus is on distal explanations of jealousy while those in the second groups focus on proximal explanations of jealousy. In addition, the groups differ in their apprehension of how the mind works, with those in the first group adopting a modular view (Toobey and Cosmides,1992) and those in the second group adopting a general processor view. Theorists in the first group share the conjecture that jealousy is an entity that evolved to explain the specific problem of mate preservation (Daly, Wilson, and Weghorst, 1982). They proclaim that different jealousy responses evolved as a consequence of the fact that ancestral men and women faced unique reproductive challenges. Due to concealed fertilization, men could never be certain that they were genetically related to any children born to their mate. This paternity uncertainty was the greatest reproductive challenge faced by ancestral men. Consequently, selection pressures favored ancestral men who responded with jealousy to signals of a partners sexual infidelity because by doing so they decreased their likelihood of being cuckolded. Women should be less upset than men to signals of a partners sexual infidelity because ancestral women did not face the problem of cuckoldry. However, ancestral women faced a unique reproductive challenge not shared by ancestral men, in that they had to eat a very high calorie diet to meet the energy demands associated with pregnancy and lactation. Consequently, selection pressures favored ancestral women who responded with jealousy to signals of a mates diversion of resources because by doing so they increased the likelihood that they would have the caloric intake sufficient to maintain a healthy pregnancy and an adequate production of breast milk. Buss et al. (1992) argue that the single most consistent indicator to ancestral women that they were in danger of losing a partners resources was if their partner was developing an emotional attachment to another woman, because this emotional attachment signaled his willingness to invest resources in this other woman and her offspring. This theory uses the support from the study that found the sex difference in jealousy evolved through anger or acts of aggressive displayed by men who were evoked by jealous tendencies (Daly and Wilson, 1988), men also use violence to control the sexual behavior of their partner (Daly and Wilson, 1988). In a critical report the findings showed that, when forced to decide if a romantic partners sexual infidelity or emotional infidelity upset them more, women were found to choose emotional infidelity over sexual infidelity, in contrast men found sexual infidelity to be more upsetting (Buss, Larsen, Weston, and Semmelroth, 1992). The results found by this study have been replicated and used the same forced choice method. Although the studies have been supported, there have been studies have reported the opposite results. Theorists in the second group direct their focus on the social cognition and are not limited to romantic partners. Such as, one could feel jealousy over a sibling receiving more affection from the parent or a coworker receiving more praise from a boss. Harris (2003) disputes that jealousy is trigged by the initial feeling a threat to a relationship but that the exact nature and extent of the emotional reaction is determined by the cognitive assessment of the threat. Using this perspective, sex differences can be determined by the cognitive assessments about threats to a romantic relationship. According to Salovey and Rodin, their domain hypothesis suggests that people will have greater feeling of jealousy of individuals that they see to be more superior to them in domains that are highly relevant (1984). A partners attraction to a rival not only points towards a potential of a relationship but also represents a threat to self-esteem, because a partners choice of a rival suggests his/ her superiority. Further research of social cognitive perspective suggests sex differences in jealousy are consequences of differences in logical inferences men and women conclude about the extent sexual infidelity implies the emotional infidelity or how emotional infidelity implies sexual infidelity. This idea is supported by research conduct by Harris and Christenfeld (1996) and DeSteno and Salovey (1996) that people perceive men are more likely than women to have sexual infidelity when there is a lack of an emotional attachment but think that men are less likely than women to form an emotional attachment in a nonsexual relationship. The research includes that these assumptions are what contribute people to believe that a womans sexual infidelity signifies her emotional infidelity while a mans emotional infidelity signifies his sexual infidelity. Consequently, the gender difference as to which type of infidelity is worse is based on a gender difference as to which type of infideli ty implies the occurrence of the other. The purpose of this study is to examine further the role of those who view jealousy as a general social cognition emotion as a proximal explanation for gender differences in jealousy. This study will combine both approaches presented above, but will change the person that the partners imagined infidelity occurs. If jealousy is a domain specific response designed to prevent cuckoldry for men and prevent resource diversion for women, then the person who the partner commits the infidelity should have no impact on jealousy. In contrast, if jealousy is a general emotional reaction to threatened relations based on social cognition then the person the partner commits infidelity should have an impact on jealousy. Methods Participants Participants will be roughly 200 women and 200 men enrolled at Central Washington University. The selection will be random. The demographics of Central Washington University include 10,282 first-time degree seeking students. 7556 White, non-Hispanic, 805 Hispanic, 642 Asian or Pacific Islander, 416 Race/ethnicity unknown, 349 Black, non-Hispanic, 286 American Indian or Alaska Native, and 228 Nonresident aliens. 4,555 men and 4,650 women. All these students are enrolled full-time. This information was gathered from the Central Washington University site for academic year 2009. Materials Following a method described by DeSteno, Bartlett, Braverman, Salovey (2003), participants rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale how much they felt each of six emotions (angry, jealous, calm, threatened, relieved, and hurt) in response to each scenario in the first test procedure. For the second test the forced-choice measure will be used and is similar to those used in previous research investigating sex differences in jealousy resulting from sexual and emotional infidelity (Buss et al., 1992; Buunk et al., 1996; DeSteno Salovey, 1996). Individuals were asked to indicate which of the following two events would cause them more distress: (a) finding out that ones partner had passionate sexual intercourse with another person or (b) finding out that ones partner had formed a deep emotional attachment to another person. Participants will also complete two versions of this scale that will ask for their responses to the same instances of sexual and emotional infidelity, respectively. On this measure, participants were presented with specific statements to which they responded using a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), with the middle point indicating neither agreement nor disagreement. Procedure Participants will report in small groups of no more than twenty to an assigned room, once groups are in their assigned room, they will be informed that the study of the relation between personal character and habits that occur in the context of a romantic relationship. Similar to the procedure used by Buss, Larsen, Westen, and Semmelroth (1992), participants will be instructed to, Please think of a serious committed romantic relationship that you currently have, have had in the past, or would like to have in the future. Next the participants will be asked to imagine four separate scenarios in which this partner is unfaithful. The scenarios will describe either sexual infidelity, Imagine your partner enjoying sexual intercourse with someone else, or emotional infidelity, Imagine you partner falling in love with someone else. The wording in the scenarios will be modeled after items used by Pietrzak Laird, Stevens, and Thompson (2002). To measure more than the type of infidelity the per son with whom the partner committing an infidelity will be manipulated. Participants will be asked to imagine their partner falling in love with a close friend or falling in love with your boss. Equally, participants will be asked to imagine their partner enjoying sexual intercourse with a close friend or enjoying sexual intercourse with their boss. The next test will be presented to participants with two forced choice problem in which they will have to select one of two infidelity scenarios as more upsetting. In one problem, participants will have to choose between their partners emotional infidelity with an unknown person and their partners sexual infidelity with an unknown person. In the next present problem, participants will have to choose between their partners emotional infidelity with someone that is known (such as, friend, coworker, etc.) and their partners sexual infidelity with someone that is known.

The Industrial Revolution for the Disabled :: Essays Papers

The Industrial Revolution for the Disabled In this new age of Internet and the World Wide Web, everything is accessible. If you needed up to date news, research, or entertainment; just go online. Everyday people take this choice for granted, maybe by ignorance or by stupidity, but a small, ever-growing population don't have these choices. The disabled have overcome many pregitouses and were once regarded as mentally and physically retarded. But recently, a number of organizations have recognized the need for the disabled to achieve ultimate web accessibility. Of course, ultimate won't be achieved for a long time, but some accessiblility is better than none. The Americans with Disabilities Act has already come up with accessibility requirements that the Federal Government has adopted. (Applicability of... 2000) Aol has changed it's format due to a law suit by the National Federation for the blind. (Applicability of... 2000) Not only are public sectors changing their websites, but many private sectors are as well (Applicability of... 2000) "To ensure individuals with disabilities have full and equal enjoyment of the facilities they provide when the provision of such access is measureable. (Applicability of... 2000) Assistive Technology "Assistive Technology is any device, piece of equipment, of software that is used to help a person with a disability or impairment, reach full functional capacity. Some examples of high-tech assistive technology include voice recognition systems, voice synthesis, large print display, braille embossing, and alternative computer input devices." (University of Iowa) Some statistics on the widespread concern of developers for accessible websites include:"50 million people in the U.S. have some kind of functional limitation. 15% of those cannot use a computer without some form of assistive technology and about 8% of those who use the Web have disabilities." (McKeefy 1998) As research shows the internet is bringing a world of information to users with disabilities, but adversely, it is difficult for vision impaired people to access a multimedia-rich site. (McKeefy 1998) New equipment for the sight-impaired are now available, but one might think it is only available to people with money. According to Greg Meise, President of Lenexa (a Kansas based reseller), "'Declining technology prices now have made these products available to a wider audience. Affordability has changed the market.'" (McKeefy 1998) The prices of these special technologies have dropped and impaired users have an option of mixed technologies. (McKeefy 1998) Awareness The ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) has set up requirements for the internet to make web sites accessible for people with disabilities.

Food Chemistry Essay

The chemical processes that take place inside food determine its nutritional value, taste, texture and freshness. Like any other organic material, food can decompose over a period of time. The importance of food chemistry lies in its ability to counter the effects of decomposition and spoilage and extend the shelf life of foods. Food chemistry is a science that studies the chemical processes that take place in food. All food products are made of biological materials that react and interact in different ways, and under different conditions. Carbohydrates, lipids (or fats) and proteins are the main components that make up food. Other components such as enzymes, water, minerals, additives and coloring are also areas of study within food chemistry. This branch of science plays a significant role in food processing methods designed to preserve and enhance availability and quality, according to Ohio State University. An understanding of the chemical processes that take place in foods has made food supplies available on a global scale. Methods designed to counter the decomposition process are a central area of study. The principles underlying food chemistry create the methods that make it possible to harvest, preserve, distribute, store and prepare foods for human consumption, according to Ohio State University. Grocery stores are able to provide fresh milk, canned goods, microwave meals and frozen foods because of the knowledge gained through food chemistry studies. Food chemistry plays an integral role within the food science technologies that make global supplies available, according to Ohio State University. These technologies draw from biology, physics, microbiology, nutrition and engineering to put food chemistry principles into practice. The methods used to package and label end-use products must also comply with Food and Drug Administration requirements. Also of importance is the testing and experiments that go into creating flavorful foods for consumer consumption. Foods such as meats and vegetables can contain anywhere from 50 to 95 percent water content, according to Ohio State University. Water activity involves the amount of water available, or susceptible to chemical and biological reactions within a food product. The amount of water activity present can determine the likelihood that bacterial growth and spoilage will develop within food materials. Chemistry methods work to reduce the amount of water contained in a material, or else counter its effects within a food product. Food quality, consumer satisfaction and government requirements are all factors taken into account when designing food processing and preservation methods, according to Ohio State University. And while minimal processing enables foods to retain their original nutritional content, the need to extend the shelf life of end products makes processing and preservation methods necessary. The pH level present within a food product is another variable that influences flavor, texture and freshness. A pH level refers to acidity, or the lack thereof, with high acid contents being less susceptible to decomposition, or spoilage, than low acid content foods.

Preventing Juvenile Delinquency Rough Draft - 1976 Words

Abstract This paper will look at the importance of Preventing Juvenile Delinquency and what different ideas, concepts and methods are available to those adolescents that are either at-risk already or those that can be in the future. Early prevention is the best method of slowing down the statistics of crimes among adolescents, by keeping them off of the streets and out of the justice system by providing the means to teach them to be productive rather than destructive. Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency-Rough Draft Introduction Juvenile delinquency is not a new concept; it has been around for decades. It is doubtful that it will ever stop but there are ways to prevent it. This paper will cover two perspectives of prevention. One being types of programs offered both by communities and the state, the other perspective looks into faith-based programs and how these two types are similar and how they differ. It will touch on ways that they may be able to work together for the benefit of those that are at the most likely to fall into a life of delinquency and crime. The Bible states in 1 Timothy 4:8 â€Å"For while bodily training is of some value, godliness is of value in every way, as it holds promise for the present life and also for the life to come† (Holy Bible KJV , 1989). This is why delinquency prevention is so important it helps to lead the present life in the right path for a positive, productive future for these adolescents in their life to come. â€Å"DelinquencyShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesrecorded at all. In some cases, authorities did not have the interest or capacity to keep semiaccurate records; in others, migrants purpose- WORLD MIGRATION IN THE LONG TWENTIETH CENTURY †¢ 15 fully avoided being recorded, as in the case of draft dodgers or anyone traveling in spite of restrictions. Return migration often went unrecorded. Repeated migration meant that the same individuals were counted more than once. And numbers from ports of emigration and immigration could vary by 20 percent Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesStaff Technical Staff Technical Staff INTRODUCTION 31 on the response form. All your responses must be written on the response forms. Write your precise, detailed response (do not merely jot down a few notes). For example, you might draft a memo or write out a message that you will deliver via phone/voice mail. You may also decide to meet with an individual (or individuals) during the limited time available on your calendar today or tomorrow. If so, prepare an agenda for a personal

The History of Pencils, Markers, Pens, and Erasers

Ever wonder how your favorite writing implement was invented? Read on to learn about the history of pencils, erasers, sharpeners, markers, highlighters and gel pens and see who invented and patented these writing instruments. Pencil History Graphite is a form of carbon, first discovered in the Seathwaite Valley on the side of the mountain Seathwaite Fell in Borrowdale, near Keswick, England, sometime around 1564 by an unknown person. Shortly after this, the first pencils were made in the same area. The breakthrough in pencil technology came when French chemist Nicolas Conte developed and patented the process used to make pencils in 1795. He used a mixture of clay and graphite that was fired before it was put in a wooden case. The pencils he made were cylindrical with a slot. The square lead was glued into the slot, and a thin strip of wood was used to fill the rest of the slot. Pencils got their name from the old English word meaning brush. Contes method of kiln firing powdered graphite and clay allowed pencils to be made to any hardness or softness — which was very important to artists and draftsmen. In 1861, Eberhard Faber built the first pencil factory in the United States in New York City. Eraser History Charles Marie de la Condamine, a French scientist and explorer, was the first European to bring back the natural substance called India rubber. He brought a sample to the Institute de France in Paris in 1736. South American Indian tribes used rubber to making bouncing playing balls and as an adhesive for attaching feathers and other objects to their bodies. In 1770, the noted scientist Sir Joseph Priestley (discoverer of oxygen) recorded the following, I have seen a substance excellently adapted to the purpose of wiping from paper the mark of black lead pencil. Europeans were rubbing out pencil marks with the small cubes of rubber, the substance that Condamine had brought to Europe from South America. They called their erasers peaux de negres. However, rubber was not an easy substance to work with because it went bad very easily — just like food, rubber would rot. English engineer Edward Naime is also credited with the creation of the first eraser in 1770. Before rubber, breadcrumbs had been used to erase pencil marks. Naime claims he accidentally picked up a piece of rubber instead of his lump of bread and discovered the possibilities. He went on to sell the new rubbing out devices, or rubbers. In 1839, Charles Goodyear discovered a way to cure rubber and make it a lasting and useable material. He called his process vulcanization, after Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. Goodyear patented his process in 1844. With the better rubber available, erasers became quite common. The first patent for attaching an eraser to a pencil was issued in 1858 to a man from Philadelphia named Hyman Lipman. This patent was later held to be invalid because it was merely the combination of two things, without a new use. History of the Pencil Sharpener At first, penknives were used to sharpen pencils. They got their name from the fact that they were first used to shape feather quills used as early pens. In 1828, French mathematician Bernard Lassimone applied for a patent (French patent #2444) on an invention to sharpen pencils. However, it was not until 1847 that Therry des Estwaux first invented the manual pencil sharpener as we know it. John Lee Love of Fall River, Massachusetts designed the Love Sharpener. Loves invention was the very simple, portable pencil sharpener that many artists use. The pencil is put into the opening of the sharpener and rotated by hand, and the shavings stay inside the sharpener. Loves sharpener was patented on November 23, 1897 (U.S. Patent # 594,114). Four years earlier, Love created and patented his first invention, the Plasterers Hawk. This device, which is still used today, is a flat square piece of board made of wood or metal, upon which plaster or mortar was placed and then spread by plasterers or masons. This was patented on July 9, 1895. One source claims that the Hammacher Schlemmer Company of New York offered the worlds first electric pencil sharpener designed by Raymond Loewy, sometime in the early 1940s. History of Markers and Highlighters The first marker was probably the felt tip marker, created in the 1940s. It was mainly used for labeling and artistic applications. In 1952, Sidney Rosenthal began marketing his Magic Marker which consisted of a glass bottle that held ink and a wool felt wick. By 1958, marker use was becoming common, and people used it for lettering, labeling, marking packages, and creating posters. Highlighters and fine-line markers were first seen in the 1970s. Permanent markers also became available around this time. Superfine-points and dry erase markers gained popularity in the 1990s. The modern fiber tip pen was invented by Yukio Horie of the Tokyo Stationery Company, Japan in 1962. The Avery Dennison Corporation trademarked Hi-Liter ® and Marks-A-Lot ® in the early 90s. The Hi-Liter ® pen, commonly known as a highlighter, is a marking pen which overlays a printed word with a transparent color, leaving it legible and emphasized. In 1991 Binney Smith introduced a redesigned Magic Marker line that included highlighters and permanent markers.  In 1996, fine point Magic Marker II DryErase markers were introduced for detailed writing and drawing on  whiteboards, dry erase boards, and glass surfaces. Gel Pens Gel Pens were invented by the Sakura Color Products Corp. (Osaka, Japan), which makes Gelly Roll pens and was the company that invented gel ink in 1984. The gel ink uses pigments suspended in a water-soluble polymer matrix. They are not transparent like conventional inks, according to Debra A. Schwartz. According to Sakura, Years of research resulted in the 1982 introduction of Pigma ®, the first water-based pigment ink ... Sakuras revolutionary Pigma inks evolved to become the first Gel Ink Rollerball launched as the Gelly Roll pen in 1984. Sakura also invented a new drawing material which combined oil and pigment. CRAY-PAS ®, the first oil pastel, was introduced in 1925.

Facing Past and Present Essay - 789 Words

â€Å"It may be unfair, but what happens in a few days, sometimes even a single day, can change the course of a whole lifetime† (Hosseini 52). Khaled Hosseini’s historical fiction novel, The Kite Runner, is a difficult adventure in Afghanistan about a boy and his friends childhood who made them who the adults they grew up to be. The adventure shows how Amir, the protagonist in the story, faces and endures rough times in his childhood, and how he wants to redeem himself from his past mistakes. Khaled Hosseini has a unique writing style in the first person point of view of Amir, which shows the rough journeys he experiences, and how he is motivated to please his father, which sets the theme of love of father and son, facing the past, and†¦show more content†¦Later on in the book, the time period changes to June of 2001. One of Amir’s friends wants to see him in Pakistan. Amir feels that he changed and wants to be his old self again. His friend, Rahim Khan gives him faith. â€Å"Come, there is a way to be good again† (Hosseini 192). When Amir lands in Pakistan, people are talking about how bad Afghanistan is. He will never forget the sights he saw of children smoking, drinking, and selling illegal things. â€Å"The Afghan town has the stench of rot, garbage, and feces† (Hosseini 196). In chapter sixteen through twenty, the author foreshadows Hassan’s death. Hassan does not celebrate when the other villagers are joyful. â€Å"God help the Hazaras now† (Hosseini 213). Hassan’s death impacts Amir greatly. Amir feels that he lost one of his best friends forever, but also feels guilty for wrongdoing him, and not apologizing for his ruthless behavior. In the end of the book, Amir does not receive the closure he would have liked to receive with his friends. He feels that he had not redeemed himself. Amir does however end the book with a little hope in mind. â€Å"Because when spring comes, it melts the sn ow one flake at a time, and maybe I just witnessed the first flake melting† (Hosseini 371). Furthermore, the point of view of the novel is told in the first person in the perspective of the main character Amir. The narrator shares his thoughts and reactions throughout the book and howShow MoreRelatedNostalgic Memories In Yusef Komunyakaas Facing It Essay1499 Words   |  6 PagesMemories In Facing It Just as farmers brand their livestock in order to claim them as their own, humans do the same when it comes to important events. There are certain moments in ones life when an incident is so powerful, emotionally or physically, that it leaves a mark on a person forever. The branded symbol that is left could be positive or negative, but there is no doubt that it has caused a wave of all-encompassing feeling. 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Probation Officer free essay sample

This paper will give some insight on the functional job analysis for the job of an investigative analyst. It will discuss the ways in which a functional job analysis can be used in an organization. This paper will also evaluate the various performance assessment methods and how they can be useful to the position of an investigative analyst. This paper will conclude with the explanation of various benefits and weaknesses of each of the methods of performance assessment regarding the position of an investigative analyst. Investigative Analyst: Functional Job Analysis. Investigative analyst are employed by various departments and organizations and take on many different roles, although the position of investigative analyst is primarily used for research of different types. In the event where an investigative analyst is hired for the services of a child support department the investigative analyst can make the determination whether or not a child support case requires a full criminal investigation, looking into the background and financial history of the delinquent party who is to pay the child support, and usually assists in the prosecution of that party. Investigative analysts who are used in an organization such as health insurance, health service investigative matters, fraud, or abusing medical resources. Investigative analyst can be used if a criminal investigation is needed in order to decrease the medical costs. Investigative analysts are also used in business sectors in retail settings in loss prevention in order to lower company costs in company inventory and make sure that employees are following the ethical guidelines of the organization. Some investigative  analyst only conducts internal investigation which sometimes may require occasionally leaving the officer for meetings. Other investigative analyst spend majority of their time outside of the office in order to conduct interviews and surveillance. On occasion, some investigative analysts have to confront individuals who may become irate or are in danger. Requirements for being an investigative analyst can differ depending on the position. For a investigative analyst a candidate must satisfy certain requirements. A candidate must have successfully completer post-secondary education in Criminal Justice, Law, Accounting, Computer Science, or Health Administration depending on the investigative purpose of the analyst. In some positions, previous experience dealing with an investigation field, which may be police work. Some forms of investigation require a significant amount of computer knowledge in order to be able to find information of the computer or over the internet. Investigative analysts usually need to operate in an independent manner and should be very detail oriented. Skills that one should posses in this position are analytical skills, organizational skills, and communication skills. Flexibility is also a key component because flexibility can be unpredictable. The selection process that is used for an investigative analysis is important. Making observations during the interview process and looking into an individual’s backgrounds is very important. Through the functional job evaluation, observing through interviews helps to assist in setting recommendations for the outline of the job. Job analysis is an essential part of I/O psychology. Analyzing a job involves determining what tasks a job is composed of, and what abilities are necessary to successfully carry out tasks in the position of investigative analysts. The results from a job analysis can be used for a variety of personnel management purposes but are more important for the decisions regarding selection of employees, or promotions. Job analysis is assumed before selection and promotional testing in the efforts to determine the attributes which qualify an individual for a specific position. The aspects that are recognized in the job analysis serve as the criteria for assessments used in the selection or promotion of employees. Functional job evaluation is a technique which is most helpful in gaining the most qualified candidates. This method can also assists various people who are not as well suited for the job or who needs to make improvements in certain areas. The evaluation techniques that are good practices for the companies and workers when a worker is employed by the Ohio Investigative Unit which has investigators who operate in Akron, Athens, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, and Toledo. The Ohio Investigative Unit is the only state law enforcement in the state of Ohio who is solely dedicated to preventing and detecting illegal use of food stamp benefits. Investigators must work undercover and adept to playing any role that allows them to blend in with the clientele who is under investigation. In Ohio, Investigative unit agents must be certified with the Ohio Peace Officer Training Commission. Agents are required to carry out forty hours of exams and lessons in order to maintain the position they are in. Promotions and rewards are given to those employees who are able to carry out investigative tasks, work under strenuous conditions and who are able to get the information that is asked of them without being detected. Fundamentally, for parole/probation placements to be useful the company should have a system that is valid and dependable. Functional job evaluation can be time consuming and costly but the task of probation and parole officials needs staff that is highly trained The Reliability and Validity of Functional Job Analysis staff who have extensive coaching, useful knowledge, and a wide range of skills. The dependability of functional job evaluation associates with the credibility of functional job valuation as well. In case dependability has got a higher mean, this will assist support the credibility of the job evaluation. Studies indicate job analysis rankings are fairly dependable (Spector, 2012). The credibility is dependent on evaluating various ways or sources of information. The credibility defines the possibility and the usefulness of functional job evaluation. Benefits and Vulnerabilities of Performance Appraisal Methods Evaluation techniques have its advantages but there are also vulnerabilities and conflicts that take place also. The company and its employees are essential on evaluation techniques but what is most important is ensuring the workers have the coaching and support to fulfill requirements necessary for growth and the growth of the company. Management decisions in rewards and expectations utilize information that is obtained by I/O psychiatrists in assisting with making suggestions for rewards and also punishment for those  who violate (Spector, 2012). The drawbacks of weaknesses in the period of time and effort that s required to keep an eye on workers and the performances of their jobs. The requirements necessary for developing various methods assists in reducing the expenses in the event that the methods are useful. This would help in decreasing workers injuries, tardiness, and call-offs. Regrettably, the drawbacks or weakness is the period of time and effort required to keep an eye on workers and job performances. An excellent reward method replaces the expenses most companies acquire while keeping an excellent work environment which offers rewards for good performance. Performance evaluation techniques are performance data that assists management in making decisions, worker growth, suggestions, and researching the effectiveness of organizational practices. Conclusion The ideas of jobs analyses are utilized by companies who have various sizes, people, as well as various professions. The reason for the job evaluation is to examine if the job best suited for a qualified applicant. Some other reasons may include management decisions, worker feedback and growth, and criteria for research. Companies who employ these techniques have taken into consideration the dependability and credibility of job evaluation. Dependable sources may be timely and costly but, they are worth having for the company since the objective is to increase, reward, and maintain worker efficiency at high levels. Probation officials have a tough job and work in an atmosphere which supports its employees properly is necessary for worker efficiency and preparedness. Working for a company which cared for the well-being and the correct training of all workers promotes excellent performance and is part of a complicated system which is studied and created by I/O psychiatrists. This paper has conducted a functional job analysis for the job of a probation officer. It has also evaluated the reliability and validity of a functional job analysis of a probation officer. It has also assessed the various performance appraisal methods that can be applied to a probation officer. This paper concluded by giving explanation to the various benefits and vulnerabilities of every performance appraisal method.